Sensing Methodologies in Agriculture for Monitoring Biotic Stress in Plants Due to Pathogens and Pests

Reducing agricultural losses is an effective way to sustainably increase output efficiency meet our present and future needs for food, fiber, fodder, fuel. Our ever-improving understanding of the ways in which plants respond stress, biotic abiotic, has led development innovative sensing technologies detecting crop stresses/stressors deploying efficient measures. This article aims current state methodologies applied field agriculture towards detection stress crops. Key plant pathogen (or phytopathogen), as well herbivorous insects/pests are presented, where working principles described, key recent works discussed. The methods overviewed phytopathogen-related identification include nucleic acid-based methods, immunological imaging-based techniques, spectroscopic phytohormone biosensing monitoring volatiles, active remote technologies. Whereas pest-related techniques machine-vision-based pest acoustic-emission sensors, volatile organic compound-based methods. Additionally, Comparisons have been made between different recently reported works, strengths limitations identified. Finally, prospective directions crops